![](data:image/png;base64,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44
Claudia Lucía Castro Barnechea / Pedro Junior Calvay Torres
Revista
YACHAQ
•
N
.º
11
El reciente Decreto Legislativo 1410 incor-
pora cuatro delitos al Código Penal peruano,
conductas que deberían haber estado sancio-
nadas desde hace mucho tiempo pero que
han formado parte de las manifestaciones de
violencia que se normalizan en nuestra socie-
dad. El acoso, acoso sexual, chantaje sexual y
la difusión de imágenes con contenido sexual
han sido conductas comunes por mucho tiem-
po, generando un contexto de constante vio-
lencia contra ciertos grupos en una situación
de especial vulnerabilidad.
Desde las situaciones más cotidianas, se
pretende hacer pasar al acoso por una mal
entendida galantería, un inocente coqueteo
o la broma para amenizar el rato entre ami-
gos. Lamentablemente, la discriminación es
buena ocultándose detrás de estereotipos y
disimulando la violencia tras la broma o el «pi-
ropo» no consentido.
Es el acoso sexual, entonces, uno de los
tipos penales más interesantes de analizar, es-
pecialmente si se considera quienes son, gene-
ralmente, las «víctimas» de este delito o hacia
quienes se dirige esta conducta y cómo se con-
figuran los requisitos del tipo penal en esta nue-
va norma. Para realizar un análisis del acoso se-
xual como delito se hace necesario considerar
el contexto en el que estas conductas se produ-
cen y el cambio que ha generado que pase de
conducta socialmente aceptada a delito.
Nuestro sistema judicial, en lo referente a
casos vinculados a la violencia de género, no
ha tenido pronunciamientos que contextuali-
cen la problemática de la violencia sexual en
el Perú. Un análisis ausente que muchas veces
ha terminado por justificar decisiones contro-
versiales y eminentemente legalistas que han
promovido la impunidad de casos que, bajo
parámetros de género, hubieran tenido resul-
tados totalmente diferentes.
Es en ese sentido que se abordan a con-
tinuación algunas ideas importantes en torno
a la reflexión del tipo penal desde una pers-
pectiva de género, aspirando a que este bre-
ve aporte devele los primeros problemas que
traerá la aplicación del tipo penal de acoso se-
xual en el Perú.
I. EL ACOSO SEXUAL COMO FORMA DE
VIOLENCIA SEXUAL
Es evidente que el acoso sexual implica,
necesariamente, una afectación a la víctima y,
por ende, una serie de secuelas en sus aspec-
tos físicos, psíquicos y emocionales. En ese
sentido, el acoso sexual constituye una forma
de violencia sexual que ha sido muchas veces
ignorada de los grandes análisis sobre violen-
cia, pero que poco a poco ha comenzado a
surgir en el imaginario de la sociedad como
una clara agresión, una forma directa y norma-
lizada de violencia sexual.
Para la Organización Mundial de la Salud
(OMS), la violencia sexual se define como:
todo acto sexual, la tentativa de consumar
un acto sexual, los comentarios o insinua-
ciones sexuales no deseados, o las accio-
nes para comercializar o de cualquier otra
manera, en contra de la sexualidad de una
persona mediante coerción, por cualquier
persona independientemente de la rela-
ción de esta con la víctima, en cualquier
ámbito, incluidos, sin ser los únicos, el ho-
gar y el lugar de trabajo. (Jewkes, Sen, &
García, 2002, p. 149) (traducción libre)
Las diversas manifestaciones de violen-
cia sexual, incluyendo el acoso sexual, son
situaciones que generan manifiestas vulnera-
ciones a los derechos humanos de las per-
sonas, en especial de las poblaciones que
histórica y culturalmente son las víctimas de
estas conductas. Aunque ha tomado tiempo,
esfuerzo y mucha sangre comprenderlo, los
Estados han ido aceptando la necesidad de
realizar todas las medidas posibles para dete-
ner y disminuir las situaciones que permiten y
apañan la violencia sexual en las sociedades.
Esto no es solo producto de iniciativas estata-
les aisladas, sino que se basa en una serie de
obligaciones provenientes de marcos regula-